Table 1. Science Traceability Matrix (assuming orbital altitude of 100 kilometers)

SKG	Science Objectives	Scientific Measurement Requirements		Instrument Requirements and Expected Performances			Mission Functional Requirements
		Observable	Measurement	Aspect of Performance	Required Value	Predicted Value
1. Investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of OH and H2O at high latitudes (KPLO SKG 1)	1.1 Map albedo patterns in PSRs and interpret their nature	Reflectance units with contrast of 5%	Surface reflectance of PSRs from scattered light	GSDMTFSmearSNRRelative Calibration	≤ 2 m (IFOV ≤ 0.02 µrad)≥ 0.2 at Nyquist frequency< 2 m (1.26 msec)SNR > 1002%	1.7 m(IFOV 0.017 µrad)≥ 0.22 atNyquist frequency1.7 m (1.07 msec)SNR > 1001%	Nominal spacecraft altitude of 100 kmLine-of-sight jitter < 8.5 µradLine-of-sight drift 1.6°/sAlignment <4 mradScan rate knowledge 0.4%Downlink average of 16 gigabits/dayPolar orbit (90° ± 0.25°)Predict SPICEDefinitive SPICESpacecraft slews forstereo (~20°)
	1.2 Determine the origin of anomalous radar signatures associated with some polar craters by revealing block populations down to 2-m diameter to discriminate between a blocky target and regolith-bound ice	Location, size, shape of landforms	Size–frequency distribution of blocks
2. Monitor and model movement of volatiles towards and retention in permanently shadowed regions (KPLO SKG 3)	2.1 Document and interpret temporal changes of PSR albedo units	Imaging during different seasons, times of day	Temporal differences in PSR reflectance
3. Investigate the geomorphology, accessibility, and geotechnical characteristics of cold traps (KPLO SKG 4)	3.1 Map the morphology of PSRs to search for and characterize landforms that may be indicative of permafrost-like processes	Landforms	Location, size, shape of landforms
	3.2 Provide hazard and trafficability information within PSRs for future landed elements	Landforms	Terrain roughness
		Stereo imaging	Topography at scales of 6 m

The Aspect of Performance column lists the aspects that are most important for that objective, though all objectives benefit from all aspects of performance. The Required and Predicted Value columns only list the requirements for the most demanding objective.
KPLO, Korea Path-finder Lunar Orbiter; SKG, Strategic Knowledge Gaps; PSR, permanently shadowed regions; GSD, ground sampling distance; IFOV, instantaneous field-of-view; MTF, modulation transfer function; SPICE, Spacecraft, Planet, Instrument, C-matrix, Events.